Class
Discussion,Main Room
Date 2/4/98
Start log: Wednesday, February
4, 1998 3:27:16 pm Virtual Park Hall time --
JoeSa says, "Nor do I, its great weather for a doze\"
MiMa says, "Mr.Cole, what are we doing today?'"
JenniferCa says, "it is just great weather"
KurtDa says, "unless you have a significant other"
Mr.Cole says, "Hey folks."
WendyFr laughs.
JasonOg says, "hey Mr. C"
AndrewGo says, "Hey, Mr. Cole"
NickSm has arrived.
MiMa says, "hey mr.cole"
WendyFr says, "hey Mr.Cole"
KurtDa says, "hey mr C"
JoeSa says, "Hello, Mr. Cole"
JenniferCa says, "is everyone excited about the upcoming friday 13?"
AnandVy has arrived.
FrankBl has arrived.
JoeSa says, "yippee"
KurtDa says, "I graduated highschool on Fri the 13th"
ShannonMc has arrived.
WendyFr says, "scary"
ScottFr say, "yippee?"
Mr.Cole says, "I have another slide show today, on quotations and such. Then we'll be going back to discussing drafts."
JenniferCa says, "its next week"
JoeSa laughs.
FrankBl says, "what are we doing'"
Mr.Cole says, "Before we do all that, though, How are things going. Anyone get flooded out yet?"
KurtDa says, "flooded out?"
FrankBl says, "not yet"
WendyFr says, "the weather is depressing"
JasonOg says, "I got soaked by a bus going by"
AndrewGo says, "I have a question concerning poltically correctness"
AnandVy says, "Shoot me."
ScottFr say, "no, knock on wood"
JenniferCa says, "my pants keep getting flooded out"
ScottFr knocks on wood
AnandVy says, "Shoot me now."
Mr.Cole says, "What's your question, Andy?"
KurtDa says, "I haven't been able to go to my first class all week"
WendyFr says, "why?"
AndrewGo says, "Do we have to say he/she everytime or can we just he or she"
JasonOg says, "i will get by, i will get by, i will survive"
GeraldLa has arrived.
ScottFr say, "you say he"
AndrewGo says, "I know"
ScottFr say, "he is the universal word"
KurtDa says, "because it's always raining a whole lot harder then, and I can't see 20 yards in front of me"
ScottFr say, "last time I heard"
AndrewGo says, "Some teachers don't like it though"
KurtDa says, "I think we're in the forty day flood again"
FrankBl says, "Jason is that that Touch of Grey"
WendyFr says, "what class is it?"
Mr.Cole says, "My preference is 'he or she' when it is workable. he/she, s/he, (s)he and so on I find very clumsy. Often it is best to just shift into the plural and avoid gender altogether."
WendyFr says, "geography?"
JasonOg says, "sure is"
ScottFr say, "usually if they are women they don't dig it"
ShannonMc says, "true"
JasonOg sings
MiMa says, "very true"
KurtDa says, "yes, geography"
Mr.Cole says, "The 'universal' he is now largely abandoned in academic writing."
ScottFr say, "my old teacher came up with shim"
WendyFr says, "Jason, what are you singing?"
AndrewGo says, "Well, what if you aren't talking in the plural sense"
JasonOg says, "Touch of Grey"
AnandVy says, "It doesn't matter."
WendyFr laughs.
JoeSa says, "what is touch of grey?"
FrankBl says, "Mr Cole can I use "you" instead of "one" "
JoeSa laughs.
Mr.Cole says, "Again, 'he or she' when you have to. It's just that that can get clumsy after a while."
JenniferCa says, "you is wrong to pu tin papers"
JoeSa says, "yup"
AnandVy says, "Nothing is wrong if its appropriate"
AndrewGo says, "Yeah, what about you instead of one"
JasonOg can't believe joe doesn't know 'touch of grey
JoeSa laughs again
Mr.Cole says, "'You' CAN be used, but it should be used when one really wants to address the audience directly. In the more general sense, 'one' or a plural construction is better."
ScottFr say, "lets do those slides, I WANT TO LEARN"
JasonOg missed the first laugh
Mr.Cole says, "Other questions?"
MiMa says, "Nope"
KurtDa says, "nope, slide time"
AndrewGo says, "Thanx"
WendyFr says, "no sir"
AndrewGo says, "No more here"
JoeSa says, "no sir"
ShannonMc says, "bring on the slides"
JasonOg says, "uh uh"
Mr.Cole shows slide #1.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
USING SOURCES:
QUOTATION, PARAPHRASE and DOCUMENTATION
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
Mr.Cole shows slide #2.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
The use of sources is an important part of formal writing.
There are many subjects about which we have opinions but are not
experts. In these situations, we appeal to authoritative sources for
information, support, illustration and opinion. These are called
secondary sources because they only support an argument; they are
not the main subject.
We also use sources as subjects of study in themselves. This is what
you did in Paper 1, where your subject was another argument rather
than an issue. Such sources are called primary.
There are many kinds of sources. Virtually any kind of communicative
utterance can be considered a source. The most common source
materials in academic writing are printed texts: books, articles,
newspapers, etc. However, films, radio programs, web documents, even
conversations can used as sources.
Textual sources, our primary concern, can be incorporated into your
writing through two means: quotation and paraphrase.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
Mr.Cole shows slide #3.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
I. Quotation
The most important fact about quotation is that when quoting, you
reproduce _exactly_ what is stated in the source. There are several
reasons why you might need the precise words of your source:
* The source may contain a particularly eloquent or significant
statement of a given opinion or observation.
* You may want to draw attention to the actual language used by
the source as an object of interest in itself. (This is the
typical use of primary sources in literary criticism).
* You may want to establish your fairness when attacking or
criticizing a source. If you use your opponent's exact words,
you cannot be accused of twisting or misrepresenting that
argument.
* Any other time when the words used to convey information are
as important as the information itself.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
ScottFr say, "Mr. Cole I came here around 2030 last night and it said you were here, were you?"
Mr.Cole says, "speak up if you have questions"
Mr.Cole says, "I don't think so, Scott. Maybe I forgot to log out yesterday."
Mr.Cole shows slide #4.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
II. Paraphrase
A less familiar use of sources is paraphrase or restating a source
_in one's own words_. This method is used when the idea or
information in the source is important but the actual words are not.
Common uses of paraphrase would include citing another author's
figures or statistics and condensing or clarifying a long or complex
argument.
Important to remember for paraphrase is that you it must NOT
resemble the original language of the source. If a paraphrase too
closely follows the wording or style of the original, it can be
considered plagiarism. (See SMH 597-98 for a detailed discussions of
this point.) At the same time, a paraphrase should be true to the
spirit of the original. Your own opinion should not creep into it.
It is quite permissible to combine paraphrase and direct quotation,
when both the precise language and the general idea of the source
are of use. Both SA (344) and SMH (598) have examples of such
combination.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
GeraldLa has disconnected.
AnandVy has disconnected.
JoeSa is still connected
Mr.Cole says, "Gee, I didn't think paraphrase was that scary..."
ScottFr say, "that sounds hard"
ShannonMc laughs
Mr.Cole says, "You guys got this? I get the feeling most people aren't very familiar with this."
ShannonMc says, "yes sir"
MiMa says, "I got it"
WendyFr says, "I guess"
ScottFr say, "it sounds like if you try to use paraphrase you tread on a thin line"
KurtDa says, "yessiree"
GeraldLa has connected.
JoeSa says, "do we have to read the entire St. Martin's or something?"
ShannonMc says, "might as well"
ScottFr say, "are you complaining"
ScottFr say, "whiner"
ScottFr say, "j/k"
JoeSa says, "no I'm jumping for joy"
ScottFr laughs.
GeraldLa says, "Mr. Cole, for some reason i just got knocked off my computer"
Mr.Cole says, "It's not that hard Scott. You are paraphrasing when you say something like "Experts predict that by the year 2000, we will live on the moon.""
JasonOg says, "do you cite that"
JoeSa says, "I sure hope not"
Mr.Cole shows slide #5.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
III. Basic Mechanics
Short quotations (less than four lines of text) are signalled by
being enclosed in double quotation marks: Neusner calls students
"peer-paralyzed adolescents."
Longer quotations (more than four lines) are usually set off as
_block quotations_. In printed documents this involves indenting and
sometimes changing the font size or line spacing of the quoted
passage. For _our_ class, we will represent block quotations as a
separate but unnumbered paragraph. In either case, block quotations
do NOT take quotation marks.
In either case, the quoted passage should appear EXACTLY as in the
original, reproducing wording, punctuation and spelling (alterations
may be made, but only if acknowledged more on that later).
Paraphrases are not indicated by any special punctuation except for
the necessary documentation.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
AnandVy has connected.
Mr.Cole says, "welcome back, Anand"
AnandVy says, "I got knocked off somehow"
AnandVy says, "Thanks"
Mr.Cole shows slide #6.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
IV. Integrating Quotations & Paraphrases
You should try to work quotations and paraphrases smoothly into your
own writing. There are many methods for doing this, but here are a
few tips:
* Always distinguish what you are borrowing and what is your
own. If it is unclear, explain to the reader whose idea it is.
* It is usually helpful to _introduce_ quoted or paraphrased
material. This can be as simple as "Goodman says, '...'," or it
may be a complete statement: "Neusner is often guilty of
generalizations. For example, he states '...'."
* You should also usually _follow up_ a quotation or paraphrase
with an interpretation of its importance or relevence to your
own argument: "The preceding passage illustrates Neusner's use
of provoking language throughout his essay."
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
Mr.Cole says, "This is where things get a little tricky. Questions?"
MiMa says, "No sir"
WendyFr says, "not yet"
AnandVy says, "I have one"
Mr.Cole says, "Shoot."
KurtDa has disconnected.
ScottFr say, "lets go jump in the Chattahooche, news guy said something like 20 ft. crests "
Mr.Cole says, "Man, they're dropping like flies today."
AndrewGo says, "He disconnects everyday"
WendyFr says, "I got cut off a bunch yesterday"
Mr.Cole shows slide #7.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
V. Documentation
Both quoted and paraphrased material MUST be documented, that is,
you must give credit to the original source. This is particularly
important with paraphrase since there are no visual cues that the
paraphrased material is indeed from another source.
There are a number of different systems of documentation adopted by
different disciplines. The predominant system in literary studies is
_MLA style_, which is what we will learn in this class.
MLA style combines short parenthetical references within the main
text with a Works Cited list at the end. The parenthetical reference
comes immediately _after_ the quotation or paraphrase and provides
the page reference and just enough information to find the proper
Works Cited entry, which will contain the full publication data for
the source, enough to allow the reader to find the original on his
or her own if needed. Normally, the reference will contain the
author's last name, but if that has already been indicated in the
text, then the page number alone should be sufficient.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
AnandVy says, "Why does it say in the writers handbook to use three periods when leaving out part of a quote but you told me I needed four?"
JoeSa says, "this is getting way too technical"
Mr.Cole says, "Ah, I will get to that point in a minute. Hold on."
AndrewGo says, "oh no, we have to worry about periods"
KurtDa has connected.
JoeSa says, "not 1. not 3. but 4"
JasonOg says, ""hey kurt"
JoeSa laughs.
KurtDa says, "sorry, got cut off"
KurtDa says, "hey Jason"
Mr.Cole says, "It probably is clearer in the SMH with examples and such. I'm mostly tryoing to explain how all this works together."
AnandVy says, "Is it only when ending the sentence?"
KurtDa says, "I think my computer is moody"
Mr.Cole shows slide #8.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
An Example.
Main Text:
In just looking at the first sentence, "We the faculty take no pride
in our educational achievements with you" (Neusner 238), we feel as
if Neusner may be putting the blame on professors. But as the essay
continues, he begins to shift the blame to students. When he refers
to students as "peer-paralyzed adolescents" (239), he begins to
alienate the audience he should be persuading. In contrast, Paul
Goodman refers to students as "bright young people" (192).
Works Cited:
Goodman, Paul. "A Proposal to Abolish Grading." _The Structure of
Argument_. 2nd ed. Ed. Annette T. Rottenberg. Boston: Bedford Books,
1997. 190-93.
Neusner, Jacob. "The Speech the Graduates Didn't Hear." _The
Structure of Argument_. 2nd ed. Ed. Annette T. Rottenberg. Boston:
Bedford Books, 1997. 238-39.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
ScottFr say, "where is this period thing in the smh"
JasonOg says, "that"
JasonOg says, "that's my essay"
JasonOg says, "plagerist"
Mr.Cole says, "Notice that in the second and third references, I don't give the authors' names. That's because in each case it is clear from the context which author i am quoting."
FrankBl says, "sure it is"
Mr.Cole says, "Loosely adapted, Jason."
ScottFr say, "we have to have a bib"
AndrewGo says, "Oh"
AnandVy says, "We put worls cited on a separate page, correct?"
AnandVy says, "I mean works cited"
Mr.Cole says, "Thw Works Cited list can come immediately after the body of your essay. In any case, we don't have pages for electronic essays."
AnandVy says, "That would be a good point"
Mr.Cole says, "moving on..."
Mr.Cole shows slide #9.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
VI. Modifying Quotations
For the purposes of flow or integration, you _can_ make minor
alterations in quotations as long as they properly indicated and do
not change the meaning of the original.
* Omissions: Omissions are signalled by three ellipsis points
(. . .). When the omission spans a sentence break, a fourth
dot is added. Ellipses are not needed at the beginning or end of
quotations unless it would be unclear that the quotation does
not actually begin or end a sentence in the original.
*Additions: Additions (and modifications like changing from
capitals to lower case or vice-versa) are placed in square
brackets [like these].
*Emphsis: You may emphasize key parts of a quotation by
_underlining_. You should then add in your parenthetical
reference the words "emphasis added" to show the alteration
of the original.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
AnandVy says, "I still don't understand when to use the fouth ellipse"
Mr.Cole says, "Here's the stuff with periods. The technical term is ellipses or ellipsis points. A fourth is needed when there is a sentence break or when the ellipsis ends _your_ sentence."
AnandVy says, "Is a sentence break the same as the end of a sentence"
KurtDa has disconnected.
JasonOg laughs
ScottFr say, "poor Kurt"
AndrewGo laughs.
JoeSa says, "If the quote I decide to integrate in my sentence starts with a capital letter do I have to do the same?"
JasonOg says, "good question"
Mr.Cole says, "No. You might begin a quotation in one sentence, skip over one or more sentences and end it in another one. You would then need 4 ellipsis points to show that the original was not all one sentence""
JoeSa says, "thanks"
Mr.Cole says, "You should reporduce the original, capitalization and all, _exactly_."
JoeSa says, "OH, ok"
ScottFr say, "english has too many rules I want to learn chinese or something"
Mr.Cole says, "Good luck, Scott."
AnandVy says, "So I use four inbetween sentences that are not one"
Mr.Cole smiles.
Mr.Cole says, "Bingo, Anand. "
WendyFr claps.
Mr.Cole says, "Last slide..."
Mr.Cole shows slide #10.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
More Information.
Our textbooks have additional information on quotation mechanics:
Quotation marks: SMH 34a
Commas and quotations: SMH 30h
Semicolons and quotations: SMH 31e
Colons and quotations: SMH 35d
Brackets: SMH 35b
Ellipses: SMH 35f
MLA reference format: SMH 44a
MLA Works Cited format: SMH 44c
(also SA 348- 354).
I have also made up a web page illustrating many of the principles
discussed above put into action. You can find it linked off the
class home page.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
WendyFr says, "I think I have it now"
JoeSa says, "Yup, just read the whole book"
WendyFr says, "great"
KurtDa has connected.
JoeSa says, "cool"
AnandVy Is overwhelmed by the flash of synoptic insight
WendyFr says, "welcome back, Kurt"
AndrewGo says, "Welcome back, Kurt"
ScottFr say, "SWEET (Kenny, South Park, Comedy Central)"
JasonOg laughs at kurt
ScottFr say, "whoops not Kenny"
KurtDa says, "I found a loose plug, I think I'm alright now"
WendyFr laughs.
ScottFr say, "Cartman"
AnandVy says, "Cartman"
AndrewGo says, "SURE"
Mr.Cole says, "The sections are pretty short. No one expects you to memorize all these rules, but if you know that they exist and where to find them when you need them, you should do OK."
AndrewGo says, "New episode tonight"
JenniferCa says, "new southpark tonight"
ShannonMc says, "yeah!"
JoeSa says, "that should help us a little more"
WendyFr claps.
MiMa says, "good"
Mr.Cole claps and does a jig.
ScottFr say, "Mr. Cole have you ever seen South Park"
WendyFr laughs.
AndrewGo says, "COOL"
FrankBl says, "I'm there"
ShannonMc laughs really hard.
JasonOg says, "sunshine, daydreams. new South Park"
AnandVy says, "It is brilliant social commentary."
Mr.Cole says, "I have all the south Parks on videotape, if you must know."
WendyFr says, "me too"
ShannonMc says, "Really!"
ScottFr say, "same here"
AndrewGo says, "You are the MAN!!!!!!!!!"
JasonOg says, "yeah Mr.C"
WendyFr says, "you rock!"
FrankBl says, "I'm impressed"
MiMa says, "I want to borrow the Christmas one from someone"
JenniferCa laughs at Mr.Cole.
ScottFr say, "RIGHT ON, I LOVE MY TEACHER"
ShannonMc says, "let's all go to Mr. Cole 's house and watch reruns"
JoeSa says, "La. La. La. Mr. Hanky the Christmas poo!\"
AnandVy Wonders how Mr. Cole became so cool
Mr.Cole says, "So. Are we cool with quotation?"
ShannonMc says, "yep"
AndrewGo says, "Yeah"
WendyFr says, "we're cool"
JasonOg shakes his finger at Jenny
FrankBl says, "got it"
KurtDa says, "cool as ice"
JoeSa says, "We should have a SouthPark slide show"
ShannonMc says, "that would rock"
MiMa says, "heck yeah we should"
JasonOg says, "can do, can do, the man says the horse can do"
Mr.Cole says, "We have some time left, which I'd like y'all to spend discussing your drafts. As opposed to South Park, much as I love the show."
JoeSa leaves for the One.
WendyFr says, "good deal"
AndrewGo says, "Let's discuss tonight's episode tommorrow"
JoeSa has arrived.
JenniferCa leaves for the Three.
JasonOg says, "can do, can do, the man says the horse can do"
MiMa leaves for the One.
FrankBl leaves for the Three.
ShannonMc leaves for the Three.
JoeSa leaves for the One.
AndrewGo leaves for the Two.
WendyFr leaves for the One.
ScottFr leaves for the Two.
JasonOg leaves for the Three.
KurtDa leaves for the Two.
GeraldLa leaves for the Three.
NickSm leaves for the Two.
AnandVy leaves for the One.
Mr.Cole leaves for the Two.
ScottFr has arrived.
ScottFr goes out.
Mr.Cole has arrived.
NickSm has arrived.
Mr.Cole says, "It's time. You can leave. KEEP UP WITH THE READING, please."
FrankBl has arrived.
AnandVy has arrived.
FrankBl has disconnected.
NickSm says, "I guess I'll keep looking, Mr. Cole"
WendyFr has arrived.
WendyFr says, "can we go?"
NickSm says, "yeah"
Mr.Cole says, "Give it a shot, Nick. If you can't find support, think about the other option."
WendyFr says, "bye, guys"
AnandVy says, "Mr. Cole I think the slides answered most of my questions. Sorry for missing you again."
NickSm says, "ok thanx"
Mr.Cole says, "anyone else need me?"
NickSm has disconnected.
WendyFr has disconnected.
AnandVy says, "But my body hurts badly and I can't even make it to my classes"
AnandVy says, "Hello?"
Mr.Cole says, "I understand Anand. Being sick ain't fun"
End log: Wednesday, February 4, 1998 4:19:29 pm Virtual Park Hall time --